{"id":4019,"date":"2026-10-21T13:10:34","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T11:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/?p=4019"},"modified":"2026-10-21T13:10:34","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T11:10:34","slug":"nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Nazi-Looted Art in France: What the CIVS 2025 Report Reveals About Restitution"},"content":{"rendered":"

Published on 13 October 2026, the latest annual report of France\u2019s restitution commission records the first returns made under the Law of 22 July 2023. It also exposes a persistent difficulty. What can heirs do when a Nazi-looted artwork is held in a private collection, possibly outside France?<\/p>\n

Recovering an artwork looted during the Nazi era may take decades. Its identity and ownership history must be reconstructed, the circumstances of the loss established and the original owner\u2019s successors identified. Even a convincing historical record does not necessarily lead to the work\u2019s return.<\/p>\n

The CIVS 2025 annual report<\/a> shows why this distinction between establishing a spoliation, compensating victims and recovering the artwork matters, particularly in cross-border disputes.<\/p>\n

France\u2019s restitution framework enters a new phase<\/h2>\n

France\u2019s Commission for the Restitution of Property and Compensation of Victims of Anti-Semitic Spoliation (Commission pour la restitution des biens et l\u2019indemnisation des victimes de spoliations antis\u00e9mites<\/em>, or CIVS) was established in 1999. It examines claims arising from anti-Semitic dispossession, with an increasingly significant role in cases involving artworks, books and other cultural property.<\/p>\n

In 2025, the Commission received 70 new applications and issued 98 opinions. At year-end, 363 cases remained under consideration, including 82 concerning cultural property. Ten new applications came from holders of cultural objects potentially affected by spoliation.<\/p>\n

The French Law of 22 July 2023<\/a> introduced a specific mechanism for the restitution of qualifying cultural property held in French public collections. Under Articles L. 115-2 et seq. of the French Heritage Code (Code du patrimoine<\/em>), public bodies may remove such property from their collections, notwithstanding the rule of inalienability (inali\u00e9nabilit\u00e9<\/em>), where the statutory conditions relating to anti-Semitic spoliation between 1933 and 1945 are satisfied.<\/p>\n

The first applications of this legislation were seen in 2025. In June, the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France returned a book belonging to art historian August Liebmann Mayer. In September, three paintings by F\u00e9dor L\u00f6wenstein, seized at Bordeaux in December 1940, were returned. The Commission also reports the recovery of more than 200 books from the library of lawyer Henry Torr\u00e8s, held by German institutions.<\/p>\n

Not all these objects were subject to the same legal regime. Works designated Mus\u00e9es Nationaux R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration<\/em> (MNR) are held in State custody pending restitution but are not part of French public collections in the same way as works owned by public institutions. This distinction is essential when identifying the legal basis of an art restitution claim in France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The \u201cgrey area\u201d: Nazi-looted artworks in private collections<\/h2>\n

For international collectors, heirs, dealers and auction houses, one of the report\u2019s most important discussions concerns the \u201cgrey area\u201d of looted cultural objects held by private owners.<\/p>\n

The Law of 22 July 2023 creates an exception to the inalienability of public collections. It does not, however, give the CIVS a general power to order private collectors or privately owned institutions to surrender artworks.<\/p>\n

The Commission may examine evidence of spoliation, identify successors, recommend compensation or restitution and assist in finding a negotiated solution. Its recommendations are not equivalent to court orders enforceable against a private holder, particularly one located abroad.<\/p>\n

The Commission therefore confronts difficult choices: should it recommend restitution when it cannot compel it? Should heirs be compensated, or encouraged to pursue proceedings in another jurisdiction? Two cases reviewed in 2025 illustrate the problem.<\/p>\n

A Sisley painting last traced to a private collection<\/h3>\n

The first concerns Alfred Sisley\u2019s Le Port de Moret<\/em>, also known as Le Chantier de Matrat, Moret-sur-Loing<\/em>. The painting was stolen during the Occupation after having been placed for safekeeping at the Argentine Embassy in Paris, together with other works belonging to a family of collectors.<\/p>\n

A 2021 catalogue raisonn\u00e9 indicated that the painting had entered a private collection. Investigations by France\u2019s Mission for Research and Restitution of Cultural Property Spoliated between 1933 and 1945 (Mission de recherche et de restitution des biens culturels spoli\u00e9s<\/em>, M2RS) located an older photograph and correspondence dating from 1975, but did not establish the painting\u2019s present whereabouts.<\/p>\n

In its recommendation of 28 March 2025<\/a>, the CIVS concluded that restitution could not realistically be envisaged at that stage and recommended additional compensation of \u20ac200,840.<\/p>\n

The case illustrates the difference between identifying a looted work and recovering it. Where its current location cannot be determined, financial redress may become the only practicable remedy.<\/p>\n

A portrait by Louis Tocqu\u00e9 resurfacing in California<\/h3>\n

The second case concerns a painting attributed to Louis Tocqu\u00e9, Portrait d\u2019une princesse portant un bouquet de roses<\/em> (Portrait of a Princess Holding a Bouquet of Roses). It disappeared when the Paris apartment of Gabrielle B\u00e9nard Le Pontois was looted in 1942.<\/p>\n

Estate inventories, insurance documents and spoliation records enabled researchers to identify a possible match with a painting that resurfaced on the American market in December 2021 at John Moran Auctioneers in California.<\/p>\n

In Opinion No. 24606 BCM of 24 July 2025<\/a>, the CIVS recognised the anti-Semitic spoliation of the painting and considered that the heirs had grounds to assert their rights and seek its return. But that opinion does not itself amount to an enforceable restitution judgment against a holder in the United States.<\/p>\n

For any recovery action, the legal position must be examined in the relevant jurisdiction, taking account of the work\u2019s movements, chain of title and applicable rules of property law, limitation and evidence. The distinction between historical proof and legal recovery is equally apparent in the French Court of Cassation\u2019s decision of 23 September 2026 concerning a Camille Pissarro painting<\/a>: where the identity of the claimed painting was disputed, proof of the earlier spoliation did not dispense the claimant from showing that the work sought was the same object.<\/p>\n

Provenance research and the identification of heirs<\/h2>\n

The report also describes the increasingly sophisticated documentary work required for restitution. Digitised archives, auction catalogues, photographs and correspondence can reconstruct a painting\u2019s history across multiple countries and several generations.<\/p>\n

Identifying those entitled to claim may be just as demanding. A succession may involve several estates and competing legal systems; the persons entitled under a will are not necessarily the closest surviving relatives. An agreement between the French State and the notarial profession, signed on 1 July 2025, was intended to facilitate the CIVS\u2019s access to succession records. A further administrative circular followed in November 2025.<\/p>\n

The report nevertheless identifies continuing obstacles, including the confidentiality of certain auction house transactions. Auction records, dealer archives and expertise files may provide crucial evidence, especially when an object has changed hands privately or crossed borders.<\/p>\n

Yet provenance and legal ownership remain distinct questions<\/a>. A convincing historical narrative is not automatically proof of title, just as a sale invoice or a long period of possession cannot, without further analysis, resolve every restitution claim.<\/p>\n

From historical recognition to an enforceable right<\/h2>\n

France\u2019s 2025 restitution record demonstrates both progress and limitation. The 2023 legislation gives public institutions a statutory route to return qualifying looted works. Where an artwork is privately held, however, ownership, evidentiary rules, limitation periods and private international law may determine whether, how and where a claim can be pursued.<\/p>\n

Negotiated solutions can be valuable, but they require a careful assessment of the rights of heirs and holders alike. This is particularly important when the original dispossession occurred in one country, subsequent transactions in others, and the object is now offered for sale or held abroad.<\/p>\n

Establishing the history of a Nazi-looted artwork is essential. The further challenge is to translate that history into legally enforceable rights \u2014 and, where possible, an effective restitution.<\/p>\n

About the author<\/h3>\n

Alexis Fournol<\/strong><\/a>, Attorney at the Paris Bar and Partner at Fournol & Associ\u00e9s, advises and represents French and international art-market professionals, collectors, experts and institutions in disputes involving art, cultural property, authenticity, ownership, customs and related criminal or regulatory issues.<\/p>\n

How Fournol & Associ\u00e9s can assist<\/h3>\n

Fournol & Associ\u00e9s advises and represents heirs, international collectors, auction houses, galleries, dealers and cultural institutions in provenance, ownership and restitution matters involving artworks and cultural property.<\/p>\n

The Firm assists with title and archival analysis, reconstruction of ownership histories, restitution requests, negotiations and litigation in France. Where cases extend beyond French borders, we work in English and coordinate with foreign counsel, provenance researchers and art-market specialists. The Firm also represents holders facing ownership claims whose historical or legal basis requires careful examination.<\/p>\n

Frequently Asked Questions<\/h3>\n

Can the CIVS require a private collector to return a Nazi-looted artwork?
\n<\/strong><\/em>No. The CIVS can investigate an alleged spoliation and issue opinions or recommendations, but it has no general power to order a private owner to surrender an artwork. Negotiation or court proceedings may be necessary, including abroad.<\/em><\/p>\n

Can a Nazi-looted artwork be returned from a French public collection?
\n<\/strong><\/em>Yes, if the conditions of the Law of 22 July 2023 are met. The law provides a specific route for removing qualifying property spoliated in the context of anti-Semitic persecution between 1933 and 1945 from French public collections, following the relevant examination and decisions.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Published on 13 October 2026, the latest annual report of France\u2019s restitution commission records the first returns made under the Law of 22 July 2023. It also exposes a persistent…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[121,112,128],"tags":[],"type_contenu":[78],"class_list":["post-4019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-art-and-cultural-heritage-disputes","category-art-market","category-cultural-heritage-law","type_contenu-publications"],"yoast_head":"\nNazi-Looted Art in France: CIVS 2025 Restitution Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The CIVS 2025 report examines restitution of Nazi-looted art in France, including private collections, heirs\u2019 claims and cross-border recovery\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nazi-Looted Art in France: CIVS 2025 Restitution Report\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The CIVS 2025 report examines restitution of Nazi-looted art in France, including private collections, heirs\u2019 claims and cross-border recovery\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-21T11:10:34+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Fournol-Associes-image-site.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"675\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"alexis\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"alexis\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"alexis\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/eda59007d5da7068ebfe31b01c141967\"},\"headline\":\"Nazi-Looted Art in France: What the CIVS 2025 Report Reveals About Restitution\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-21T11:10:34+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1475,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Art and Cultural Heritage Disputes\",\"Art Market\",\"Cultural Heritage Law\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/\",\"name\":\"Nazi-Looted Art in France: CIVS 2025 Restitution Report\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-21T11:10:34+00:00\",\"description\":\"The CIVS 2025 report examines restitution of Nazi-looted art in France, including private collections, heirs\u2019 claims and cross-border recovery\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/art-market\\\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Art Market\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/categorie\\\/art-market\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Nazi-Looted Art in France: What the CIVS 2025 Report Reveals About Restitution\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s\",\"description\":\"Cabinet d'avocats d\u00e9di\u00e9 au droit de l'art, de la cr\u00e9ation et des biens de collection\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/Fournol_Associes_logo_696x696.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/08\\\/Fournol_Associes_logo_696x696.png\",\"width\":696,\"height\":696,\"caption\":\"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legal500.com\\\/firms\\\/246137-fournol-associes\\\/c-france\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/cabinet-alexis-fournol\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/alexis-fournol-39b82473\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/simon-rolin-9214a290\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/eda59007d5da7068ebfe31b01c141967\",\"name\":\"alexis\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/3d744db637169b4fef52a042950c442ac2170ecd2d757339f93bd31acea6e04d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/3d744db637169b4fef52a042950c442ac2170ecd2d757339f93bd31acea6e04d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/3d744db637169b4fef52a042950c442ac2170ecd2d757339f93bd31acea6e04d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"alexis\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fournol-associes.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/alexis\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nazi-Looted Art in France: CIVS 2025 Restitution Report","description":"The CIVS 2025 report examines restitution of Nazi-looted art in France, including private collections, heirs\u2019 claims and cross-border recovery","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nazi-Looted Art in France: CIVS 2025 Restitution Report","og_description":"The CIVS 2025 report examines restitution of Nazi-looted art in France, including private collections, heirs\u2019 claims and cross-border recovery","og_url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/","og_site_name":"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s","article_published_time":"2026-10-21T11:10:34+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":675,"url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Fournol-Associes-image-site.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"alexis","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"alexis","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/"},"author":{"name":"alexis","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/eda59007d5da7068ebfe31b01c141967"},"headline":"Nazi-Looted Art in France: What the CIVS 2025 Report Reveals About Restitution","datePublished":"2026-10-21T11:10:34+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/"},"wordCount":1475,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Art and Cultural Heritage Disputes","Art Market","Cultural Heritage Law"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/","url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/","name":"Nazi-Looted Art in France: CIVS 2025 Restitution Report","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-10-21T11:10:34+00:00","description":"The CIVS 2025 report examines restitution of Nazi-looted art in France, including private collections, heirs\u2019 claims and cross-border recovery","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/art-market\/nazi-looted-art-in-france-what-the-civs-2025-report-reveals-about-restitution\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Art Market","item":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/categorie\/art-market\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Nazi-Looted Art in France: What the CIVS 2025 Report Reveals About Restitution"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/","name":"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s","description":"Cabinet d'avocats d\u00e9di\u00e9 au droit de l'art, de la cr\u00e9ation et des biens de collection","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#organization","name":"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s","url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Fournol_Associes_logo_696x696.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/Fournol_Associes_logo_696x696.png","width":696,"height":696,"caption":"Fournol & Associ\u00e9s"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.legal500.com\/firms\/246137-fournol-associes\/c-france\/about","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/cabinet-alexis-fournol\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/alexis-fournol-39b82473\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/simon-rolin-9214a290\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/eda59007d5da7068ebfe31b01c141967","name":"alexis","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3d744db637169b4fef52a042950c442ac2170ecd2d757339f93bd31acea6e04d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3d744db637169b4fef52a042950c442ac2170ecd2d757339f93bd31acea6e04d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3d744db637169b4fef52a042950c442ac2170ecd2d757339f93bd31acea6e04d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"alexis"},"url":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/author\/alexis\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4019","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4019"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4019\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4020,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4019\/revisions\/4020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4019"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4019"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4019"},{"taxonomy":"type_contenu","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fournol-associes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/type_contenu?post=4019"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}