auction houses and professionals in the French auction market<\/a>. This complementary experience informs our advice on the preparation and conduct of horse auctions, disputed bids, contractual warranties, payment and professional liability.<\/p>\nWe consider the horse\u2019s intended use, veterinary history, sporting and breeding potential, commercial value and future prospects when assessing contractual risk or litigation strategy.<\/p>\n
French Counsel for International Clients – Paris and Normandy<\/h3>\n
Based in Paris, the Firm acts throughout France, particularly in Normandy and the equine centres of Deauville, Caen and Lisieux, where horse auctions, breeding, training, racing and equestrian sport are closely connected.<\/p>\n
Foreign clients may instruct us directly or through their existing lawyers. We assist with French-law contracts, negotiations, veterinary evidence, private and court-appointed expert investigations and proceedings before French courts. Where several jurisdictions are involved, we coordinate with foreign counsel, veterinarians, insurers and equine industry advisers.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” bg_color=”#223466″ scene_position=”center” top_padding=”3%” constrain_group_1=”yes” bottom_padding=”3%” left_padding_desktop=”5%” right_padding_desktop=”5%” left_padding_tablet=”4%” constrain_group_4=”yes” right_padding_tablet=”4%” left_padding_phone=”3%” constrain_group_6=”yes” right_padding_phone=”3%” text_color=”light” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” row_position_desktop=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” id=”how” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][split_line_heading line_reveal_by_space_text_effect=”none” font_style=”h2″ mobile_disable_animation=”true” font_size_max=”34px” content_alignment=”default” mobile_content_alignment=”inherit” animation_type=”line-reveal-by-space” link_target=”_self” text_content=”How We Assist International Clients” font_size=”2.1vw” font_size_tablet=”4vw” font_size_phone=”5.4vw” text_direction=”default” font_line_height=”1.1″][\/split_line_heading][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” content_layout=”default” gradient_type=”default”][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
Horse Auctions and International Sales<\/h3>\n
Advice on auction and private-sale documentation, sale mandates, bidding procedures, veterinary disclosures, ownership, warranties, payment, delivery and disputes involving auction houses, sellers, buyers or intermediaries.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
Equine Contracts, Ownership and Commercial Activities<\/h3>\n
Drafting and negotiation of livery, training, competition, agency, management and shared-ownership agreements. Advice on unpaid boarding and training fees, contractual termination, ownership disputes and arrangements for the sporting or commercial development of horses.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
Breeding, Stallion Semen and Reproductive Rights<\/h3>\n
Advice on stud and covering contracts, the sale and distribution of frozen semen straws, storage and traceability, breeding rights, syndication and contractual liability. Representation in disputes concerning reproductive performance, contractual obligations and alleged loss of breeding income.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”” text_direction=”default”]\n
Equine Disputes, Veterinary Expertise and Professional Liability<\/h3>\n
Representation in disputes concerning defects, veterinary information, injuries, fitness for an agreed use, sport or breeding losses, accidents and professional negligence. We assist in obtaining and assessing veterinary evidence, expert investigations and proceedings before French courts.<\/p>\n
The Firm also advises equine market participants on payment controls, anti-money laundering obligations where applicable and contractual risks in international transactions.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”4%” constrain_group_1=”yes” bottom_padding=”4%” left_padding_desktop=”5%” right_padding_desktop=”5%” left_padding_tablet=”4%” constrain_group_4=”yes” right_padding_tablet=”4%” left_padding_phone=”3%” constrain_group_6=”yes” right_padding_phone=”3%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” row_position_desktop=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” id=”related-expertises” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][split_line_heading line_reveal_by_space_text_effect=”none” font_style=”h2″ mobile_disable_animation=”true” font_size_max=”34px” content_alignment=”default” mobile_content_alignment=”inherit” animation_type=”line-reveal-by-space” link_target=”_self” text_content=”Related Expertise” font_size=”2.1vw” font_size_tablet=”4vw” font_size_phone=”5.4vw” text_direction=”default” font_line_height=”1.1″][\/split_line_heading][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” content_layout=”default” gradient_type=”default”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”5px” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px” class_name=”custom-list”]Equine Law\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Auction Law\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Contract Law\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Professional Liability\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Civil and Commercial Litigation\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Cross-Border Transactions\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Anti-Money Laundering Compliance[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”1%” constrain_group_1=”yes” bottom_padding=”1%” left_padding_desktop=”7%” right_padding_desktop=”7%” left_padding_tablet=”4%” constrain_group_4=”yes” right_padding_tablet=”4%” left_padding_phone=”3%” constrain_group_6=”yes” right_padding_phone=”3%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” row_position_desktop=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][divider line_type=”Full Width Line” line_thickness=”1″ divider_color=”accent-color” custom_height=”100px”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”3%” constrain_group_1=”yes” bottom_padding=”3%” left_padding_desktop=”7%” right_padding_desktop=”7%” left_padding_tablet=”4%” constrain_group_4=”yes” right_padding_tablet=”4%” left_padding_phone=”3%” constrain_group_6=”yes” right_padding_phone=”3%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” row_position_desktop=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” id=”faq” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][split_line_heading line_reveal_by_space_text_effect=”none” font_style=”h2″ mobile_disable_animation=”true” font_size_max=”34px” content_alignment=”default” mobile_content_alignment=”inherit” animation_type=”line-reveal-by-space” link_target=”_self” text_content=”Frequently Asked Questions” font_size=”2.1vw” font_size_tablet=”4vw” font_size_phone=”5.4vw” text_direction=”default” font_line_height=”1.1″][\/split_line_heading][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” content_layout=”default” gradient_type=”default”][toggles style=”minimal”][toggle color=”Accent-Color” heading_tag=”h4″ heading_tag_functionality=”default” title=”Can an international client instruct a French equine lawyer directly?”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px”]Yes. Foreign owners, buyers, sellers and equine professionals may instruct Fournol & Associ\u00e9s directly on matters governed by French law or involving transactions, horses or proceedings in France. The Firm advises in English.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/toggle][toggle color=”Accent-Color” heading_tag=”h4″ heading_tag_functionality=”default” title=”Can the Firm assist with horse auctions in Deauville and Normandy?”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px”]Yes. We advise on horse auctions in Deauville, Caen, Lisieux and elsewhere in France, including the terms of sale, bidding arrangements, veterinary information, payment and disputes following an auction.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/toggle][toggle color=”Accent-Color” heading_tag=”h4″ heading_tag_functionality=”default” title=”Does the Firm advise on breeding agreements and frozen semen straws?”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px”]Yes. We advise on covering and stud agreements, semen sales and distribution, ownership and storage arrangements, contractual warranties and disputes concerning reproductive activities.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/toggle][toggle color=”Accent-Color” heading_tag=”h4″ heading_tag_functionality=”default” title=”Can a foreign buyer challenge the purchase of a horse in France?”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px”]Depending on the circumstances, a claim may concern defects, contractual warranties, veterinary information, ownership or the conditions of the sale. The available remedies and deadlines depend on the transaction and the applicable law.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/toggle][toggle color=”Accent-Color” heading_tag=”h4″ heading_tag_functionality=”default” title=”Can the Firm arrange veterinary expertise and represent clients before French courts?”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px”]Yes. We assist with private and court-appointed expert investigations and represent clients in French proceedings involving a horse\u2019s health, condition, performance, ownership or economic value.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/toggle][\/toggles][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”1%” constrain_group_1=”yes” bottom_padding=”1%” left_padding_desktop=”7%” right_padding_desktop=”7%” left_padding_tablet=”4%” constrain_group_4=”yes” right_padding_tablet=”4%” left_padding_phone=”3%” constrain_group_6=”yes” right_padding_phone=”3%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” row_position_desktop=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][divider line_type=”Full Width Line” line_thickness=”1″ divider_color=”accent-color” custom_height=”100px”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” full_screen_row_position=”middle” column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” scene_position=”center” top_padding=”3%” constrain_group_1=”yes” bottom_padding=”3%” left_padding_desktop=”5%” right_padding_desktop=”5%” left_padding_tablet=”4%” constrain_group_4=”yes” right_padding_tablet=”4%” left_padding_phone=”3%” constrain_group_6=”yes” right_padding_phone=”3%” text_color=”dark” text_align=”left” row_border_radius=”none” row_border_radius_applies=”bg” row_position_desktop=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” id=”responsable-de-la-pratique” overlay_strength=”0.3″ gradient_direction=”left_to_right” shape_divider_position=”bottom” bg_image_animation=”none” gradient_type=”default” shape_type=””][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][split_line_heading line_reveal_by_space_text_effect=”none” font_style=”h2″ mobile_disable_animation=”true” font_size_max=”34px” content_alignment=”default” mobile_content_alignment=”inherit” animation_type=”line-reveal-by-space” link_target=”_self” text_content=”Practice Head” font_size=”2.1vw” font_size_tablet=”4vw” font_size_phone=”5.4vw” text_direction=”default” font_line_height=”1.1″][\/split_line_heading][\/vc_column][vc_column column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”default” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” column_position=”default” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”2\/3″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” content_layout=”default” gradient_type=”default”][vc_row_inner column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all”][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”5px” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/1″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][nectar_responsive_text inherited_font_style=”default” font_size_min=”19px” font_size_max=”20px” text_direction=”default” font_size_desktop=”20px” font_line_height=”150%” font_size_tablet=”20px” font_size_phone=”19px”]A member of the Paris Bar and the Institut du Droit \u00c9quin, Alexis Fournol advises French and international clients on horse auctions, equine contracts, professional liability and disputes affecting the equine and equestrian sectors.[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner column_margin=”custom” column_margin_custom=”7%” column_direction=”default” column_direction_tablet=”default” column_direction_phone=”default” text_align=”left” row_position=”default” row_position_tablet=”inherit” row_position_phone=”inherit” overflow=”visible” pointer_events=”all”][vc_column_inner 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Alexis Fournol, Partner<\/h3>\n[\/nectar_responsive_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner column_padding=”no-extra-padding” column_padding_tablet=”inherit” column_padding_phone=”inherit” column_padding_position=”all” column_element_direction_desktop=”default” column_element_spacing=”5px” desktop_text_alignment=”default” tablet_text_alignment=”default” phone_text_alignment=”default” background_color_opacity=”1″ background_hover_color_opacity=”1″ column_backdrop_filter=”none” column_shadow=”none” column_border_radius=”none” column_link_target=”_self” overflow=”visible” gradient_direction=”left_to_right” overlay_strength=”0.3″ width=”1\/2″ tablet_width_inherit=”default” animation_type=”default” bg_image_animation=”none” border_type=”simple” column_border_width=”none” column_border_style=”solid” column_padding_type=”default” gradient_type=”default” content_layout=”default”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=”full_width_background” 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